Pakistan urchins swap streets for art

by Hasan Mansoor
Tanvir Ahmed was 11 years old when he ran away from home and got drawn into life as a sex worker on the streets of Karachi. Now he takes art lessons and dreams of a better future.
"The four years I spent here were the worst. It was abuse. I never knew what would happen," said Ahmed, sitting in an art studio tucked away in a backstreet in Pakistan's teeming metropolis of 16 million on the south coast.
"I left because of continuous irritation from my relatives. I wanted to study, but they forced me to work."
Tanvir lived rough before he met Rana Asif Habib who runs a charity that rehabilitates street children and has slowly reunited with his family.
"I do painting and photography now, study at evening school and work in the day at a shop," said Ahmed.
"I'm happy with my parents and three younger siblings, who are happy to see me with a better life."
 Although Ahmed limits public talk of his past to "abuse", Habib said he was one of many dragged into the horrors of the sex trade.
"A large number of street children have been thrown to this trade... Tanvir is one of few boys who has accepted our counselling, many others do not leave so easily. In the end, he proved to be a very creative person," he said.
"Street children are the victims of unplanned economic growth, war, poverty, domestic violence and violence at schools and madrassas."
Karachi is home to Pakistan's biggest community of street children -- an estimated 20,000 youngsters who are victims of domestic violence and broken homes, a life of drugs and crime in the steamy port city on the Arabian sea.
Illiterate, uneducated and without family, the children can grow into seasoned criminals, drug addicts or fall prey to Islamist militancy. Ahmed comes from southern Punjab, which has become a Taliban recruitment ground.
He is one of 15 children who take painting and photography lessons at Habib's Initiator Human Development Foundation (IHDF). 
"I love to paint. I love to take pictures. I think I was born for it but a difficult life never allowed me to express my talent before." 
Salman Mukhtar, secretary of the charity, says the point of rehab is to get children off the streets and into work.
 "We provide cameras to some children who are interested and arrange photo exhibitions from time to time. Many of these kids are immensely talented but have little opportunity to express themselves.
 "We have an artist with us who teaches some kids sketching and painting. We also teach them candle making so kids can earn a living," he told AFP. But picking them up is the hardest part.
The loss of one or both parents makes them "suspicious about everything and everyone," said Mukhtar.
 The centre offers books, lessons, food and a place to sleep. "We have contacts with shopkeepers, automobile workshops and private firms where we get the kids employed after judging a behavioural change and according to their abilities."
 Surveys conducted by various organisationsre unanimous that the majority of street children use drugs, smoke and sniff glue. Some become heroin addicts.
 "They use drugs because of depression. Most of them self-harm, cut themselves and even burn themselves," said Habib.
Some 20,000 runaways live in Karachi and 150,000 across Pakistan, he believes. Rights activists say tuberculosis and other diseases are common among the children because of physical and sexual abuse, exposure to the elements and sleeping in filthy sewage pipes, open parks, footpaths or bus stations.
 "They are unprotected and vulnerable to all imaginable risks and all forms of exploitation. They are at risk for harassment, sexually transmitted diseases, substance abuse, violence, injury and even death," Habib said.
The literacy rate in Pakistan is 57 percent. Officially 46 percent of children are enrolled in primary school -- the lowest rate in South Asia. The drop out rate is 50 percent, one of highest in the world. About 30 percent of the population are believed to live below the poverty line, earning a dollar a day or less.
 Mohammad Zahid came to Karachi when he was 10 to escape poverty in the northwestern Mansehra district, where suspected Islamist militants attacked a Christian charity in March, killing six aid workers.
 He begged, stole and snatched mobile phones at gunpoint. He was one of hundreds of children who looted shops in the chaos after the 2007 assassination of former prime minister Benazir Bhutto.
 "I have learnt one thing by living an independent life in Karachi, no one but your own family, no matter how poor they are, can protect you. "It was too depressing," Zahid said. "I never knew when I would be thrown in a lockup or someone would sexually assault me."

Pakistan's poor dying in Karachi violence

by Hasan Mansoor

KARACHI: Life stopped for Pakistani cab driver Ghulam Mohammed when his seven-year-old daughter was shot dead on her way home from school, a victim of senseless political and ethnic violence sweeping Karachi.

Shumaila was Mohammed's only child, born after he and his wife struggled for 12 years to have a baby. It took two stray bullets to bury all the hopes and dreams they had for the future.

"She was the one who gave meaning to our life. Now we have no reason to live," said the tearful 36-year-old, a resident of Qasba Colony, one of a series of troubled neighbourhoods in western Karachi turned into a battlefield.

Shumaila was one of 300 people whom the independent Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) says died in political and ethnically linked shootings in Karachi last month and one of the 1,000 killed since the start of this year.

She was carrying her books when the bullets pierced her abdomen and splintered a rib. Seriously wounded, she was eventually picked up by an ambulance after medics struggled to access the street under gunfire.

"Someone told me my daughter had been shot and I rushed to hospital despite all the risks, only to find her dead in the morgue," Mohammed said.

Many link the killings to rising tensions between the Mohajirs, the Urdu-speaking majority represented by the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), and Pashtun migrants affiliated to the Awami National Party (ANP).

The native Baloch and Sindhis also blame MQM for attacks and vice versa. Karachi is Pakistan's financial capital and, with a population of around 18 million, its largest city.

Helped by its Arabian Sea port, industry in Karachi is thought to account for around a fifth of the country's GDP. But authorities appear powerless to stop the bloodshed, human rights activists say, pointing out that most of the victims are innocent civilians.

"People have been killed because of their political affiliations, but it seems most are killed because of their ethnic background," Zohra Yusuf, chairwoman of the HRCP, told AFP.

"The majority of them are poor and destitute."

Shumaila was Pashtun. Her father arrived in Karachi from the northwest 20 years ago looking for work and then settled down and got married.

Today the northwest is on the frontline of Taliban and Al-Qaeda-linked bomb attacks and the migrant flow to Karachi is even greater.

Shumaila's bereaved parents live on a congested street in a neighbourhood of Urdu and Pashtun speakers, where trigger-happy gunmen from both sides can quickly reduce the area into a battlefield.

HRCP says Karachi suffers political, ethnic and sectarian "polarisation". But the government blames vague mafias involved in land grabbing and drug pushing for the killings, and for creating "misunderstandings" among political parties and ethnic hatred.

"It should not be called ethnic violence," said Sharfuddin Memon, an official in the home ministry of the southern province Sindh, of which Karachi is the capital.

"The mafias are killing people in such a manner that rival communities and parties are left with the impression of an ethnic war which is not there. The mafias do this to get stronger and weaken the writ of the state."

The Urdu-speaking family of Anwer Ali, 22, say he was walking to work when unknown gunmen shot him dead.

"He was the only bread earner for his mother and two sisters," said his cousin Mohsin Ali. The family rent a one-room house in a squatter settlement near the area of Katti Pahari, a flashpoint for the most recent violence, and are deeply frightened about the future.

It is not just shootings. People have seen everything they own go up in smoke, with their houses, buildings and vehicles set alight by arsonists. Despite the deployment of extra police and paramilitary forces, residents complain that the security personnel do nothing to help.

Leaders in the MQM and ANP have blamed each other.

"Mafias are involved in the killings, but armed wings of political parties have played a big role in creating the mess," said Tauseef Ahmed Khan, who teaches mass communications at Urdu University.

The armed wings work to maintain party influence, prevent rival groups from infiltrating their territories and force people to remain loyal, he said.

"There are killings on ethnic grounds while most of the victims are poor people who don't know the reason why they are being killed," Khan said.
August 2011

Pakistan sex workers on AIDS frontline

by Hasan Mansoor
A prostitute born and brought up in Karachi's Napier Road red-light district, Shumaila never heard about HIV and AIDS until recently. Today, she carries condoms but clients refuse to wear them.

"None of us were aware about the danger of AIDS looming over us for years but now we all know and can avoid it," said the tall 29-year-old who lives in a Victorian-style building in the heart of the neighbourhood.

Shumaila's awareness -- rare among Pakistan sex workers -- is thanks to the Gender and Reproductive Health Forum, a local charity that runs a UN-funded programme in Napier Road teaching prostitutes about the perils of HIV/AIDS.
"So far we have provided hundreds of thousands of condoms to sex workers in the last two years, which have saved them from being infected with the lethal virus," said Mirza Aleem Baig, who runs the forum.

Karachi, Pakistan's largest metropolis and one of the biggest Muslim cities in the world, has up to 100,000 female sex workers, according to data gathered by Pakistan Society, a local welfare organisation.

"This is 20 percent of their overall population in Pakistan. Lahore comes next with 75,000 sex workers," Saleem Azam, head of the charity, told AFP.

Prostitution may be illegal but it has prospered in an increasingly Islamised Pakistan, where an economic downturn and widening poverty have forced women and men onto the streets to meet the rising cost of living.

Shaheena, 38, is a home-based sex worker. She is a skilled paramedic but seldom finds a permanent job.

"So I opted to enter this business on the side," she told AFP, veiling her face to hide her identity.

"I have sibblings, cousins, nephews and nieces who don't know about my second profession. So I don't want to identify myself to embarass them.

"But it's a question of survival as none of my relatives support me with money. They are all too stretched themselves," she said.

Azam says more than 60 percent of Pakistan's prostitutes work from homes or ply the streets, while the elite serve wealthy clients from kothikhanas (houses or rooms) in plush neighbourhoods.

This year's annual UN report on AIDS said while the epidemic in Asia appears to be stable overall, HIV prevalence is increasing in some parts of the region, such as Bangladesh and Pakistan.

A survey published in the report said 60 percent of female sex workers and 45 percent of their male clients in Karachi and Lahore do not know that condoms can prevent transmission of HIV. [youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Afp9PQNMM00]
Of those that do, few protect themselves. "The number of our clients who agree to wear a condom is very small. Female condoms are not available, which can save us more effectively," said Nasreen, another prostitute in Napier Road.

"I can't carry condoms in my purse on the street as we're vulnerable to the police and could be arrested if they find them," said Afshan, 29, who walks the city's busy streets looking for clients.

The most recent survey conducted by Pakistan's state-run National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) in 2006 said only 18 percent of sex workers reported always using condoms.

The UN report estimates that around 97,000 people, or 0.1 percent of the population, live with HIV in Pakistan. The government says only 5,000 people are infected.

NACP says the disease is spreading among high-risk groups, especially drug users, who mostly inject and use dirty needles, raising fears the virus could spread quickly from addicts to prostitutes.

In 2006, Pakistan said HIV/AIDS prevalence among female sex workers was around 0.02 percent, but independent bodies put it much higher.

"It is at least 15 percent," said Azam. "They are totally at the mercy of their clients. Most of their clients refuse to wear condoms," he said.

"In Pakistan, this business is illegal, thus there is no law to seriously tackle the issue and save precious lives. Yet a way-out is desperately needed on humanitarian grounds."

Baig said he had identified an HIV-positive sex worker a few months ago and tried to help her with treatment and a new job but she left because her colleagues considered her a blot on their business.

"Now, no one knows where she is and what she is doing," he said.